Child passenger safety: an evidence-based review.
General
Guideline Title
Child passenger safety: an evidence-based review.
Bibliographic Source(s)
- Barraco RD, Cheng JD, Bromberg WJ, Falcone RA, Hammond JS, Lui FY, Sandhu RS, Scaff DW. Child passenger safety: an evidence based review. Chicago (IL): Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST); 2010. 32 p. [53 references]
Guideline Status
This is the current release of the guideline.
The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) reaffirmed the currency of the guideline in October 2015.
This guideline meets NGC’s 2013 (revised) inclusion criteria.
Recommendations
Major Recommendations
The classes of evidence (I-III) and levels of recommendation (1-3) are defined at the end of the “Major Recommendations” field.
Level 1 Standards
- Child restraint and restraint systems reduce injury and injury severity in all ages reported and are recommended for use. 1. The highest reductions come from age appropriate, properly used restraints, as per the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines on selection and use of car safety seats.
Please note that these recommendations rose to Level 1 standards based on the preponderance of available literature, including well-done Class II data, that supports the age-appropriate use of child restraints and restraint systems as successful in the reduction of morbidity and mortality.
Level 2 Guidelines
- Rear seat position reduces injury at all ages studied and is recommended especially for those less than or equal to 12 years of age.
- Airbags can cause injury and/or death to children less than or equal to 12 years of age and thus seating position with exposure to airbags should be avoided in that age range.
- Child restraint laws help reduce injury and mortality and increase compliance with restraint use.
Summary
Child restraints are clearly effective in injury prevention and reduction of injury severity at all ages examined. Rear seat position is also effective, especially when used in conjunction with child restraints. Legislation is also effective in improving compliance and even reducing injury. There are some data showing that primary laws are the most effective form of legislation. Further research is required on the effectiveness of legislation on injury and mortality.
Definitions
Classes of Evidence
Class I : Prospective, randomized clinical trials
Class II : Clinical studies in which data were collected prospectively or retrospective analyses based on clearly reliable data
Class III : Studies based on retrospectively collected data
Levels of Recommendation
Level 1 : The recommendation is convincingly justifiable based on the available scientific information alone. This recommendation is usually based on Class I data, however, strong class II evidence may form the basis for a level 1 recommendation, especially if the issue does not lend itself to testing in a randomized format. Conversely, low quality or contradictory Class I data may not be able to support a level 1 recommendation.
Level 2 : The recommendation is reasonably justifiable by available scientific evidence and strongly supported by expert opinion. This recommendation is usually supported by Class II data or a preponderance of Class III evidence.
Level 3 : The recommendation is supported by available data but adequate scientific evidence is lacking. This recommendation is generally supported by Class III data. This type of recommendation is useful for educational purposes and in guiding future clinical research.
Clinical Algorithm(s)
None provided
Scope
Disease/Condition(s)
Child injuries and fatalities from motor vehicle crashes
Guideline Category
- Assessment of Therapeutic Effectiveness
- Prevention
Clinical Specialty
- Critical Care
- Emergency Medicine
- Family Practice
- Pediatrics
- Preventive Medicine
Intended Users
- Advanced Practice Nurses
- Nurses
- Physician Assistants
- Physicians
- Public Health Departments
Guideline Objective(s)
To examine the literature concerning the following questions regarding child vehicle passenger safety:
- What is the effectiveness of child passenger restraints in reducing morbidity and mortality?
- What is the effectiveness of legislation in the reduction of injuries and/or mortality?
Target Population
Children age 14 and under
Interventions and Practices Considered
- Child restraint and restraint systems in motor vehicles
- Rear seat position
- Airbags (not recommended for ≤12 years of age)
- Child restraint laws
Major Outcomes Considered
- Injuries
- Morbidity and mortality
Methodology
Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence
- Searches of Electronic Databases
Description of Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence
2010 Guideline
The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) Child Passenger Safety Workgroup conducted a Medline search for human, English language literature from 1980 to 2006 on child passenger restraints. Child passenger restraints as keyword only yielded four results. Using “Protective Devices” or “Seat Belts” and combining that with “infant” over similar dates and restrictions, 491 references resulted, with toddler, six resulted, with “child,” 827 references resulted and with “adolescent,” 842 resulted. Studies from other countries that involved legislation were dropped due to issues of generalizability. Fifty-nine were deemed appropriate to answer the above questions, 55 of these were available for review. Fourteen articles examined legislation and 41 articles examined restraint effectiveness with relation to outcomes. We did not utilize technical reports or engineering literature, but felt these were not relevant to the endpoints of morbidity or mortality and many could not be subject to scientific review.
2015 Reaffirmation
PubMed, PubMed Central, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched from October 12, 2010 to October 12, 2015 using the search terms child restraint system, infant seat belts, child seat belts, infant protective devices, and child protective devices. All articles with injury and/or mortality as an outcome were included. Non-English language, non-injury outcomes, technical articles, editorials, and opinion papers were excluded.
Number of Source Documents
2010 Guideline
Fifty-nine articles were deemed appropriate; 55 of these were available for review. Fourteen articles examined legislation and 41 articles examined restraint effectiveness with relation to outcomes.
2015 Reaffirmation
The final article list (N=3) was reviewed, and no articles were found to contradict the recommendations in the 2010 guideline.
Methods Used to Assess the Quality and Strength of the Evidence
- Weighting According to a Rating Scheme (Scheme Given)
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence
Classes of Evidence
Class I: Prospective, randomized clinical trials
Class II: Clinical studies in which data were collected prospectively or retrospective analyses based on clearly reliable data
Class III: Studies based on retrospectively collected data
Methods Used to Analyze the Evidence
- Systematic Review with Evidence Tables
Description of the Methods Used to Analyze the Evidence
An evidentiary table (see the appendix in the original guideline document) was constructed using the 41 references that were identified: Class I, 0 references; Class II, 7 references; and Class III, 34 references.
Articles were classified as Class I, II, or III as described in the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) “Utilizing evidence based outcome measures to develop practice management guidelines: a primer” (see the “Availability of Companion Documents” field).
Methods Used to Formulate the Recommendations
- Expert Consensus
Description of Methods Used to Formulate the Recommendations
2010 Guideline
Recommendations were made on the basis of the studies included in the evidentiary table (see the appendix of the original guideline document). Recommendations were classified as level 1, 2, or 3 according to the definitions listed in the “Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations” field.
2015 Reaffirmation
A comprehensive literature search was performed Articles were first screened by title and abstract, then salient articles were reviewed by a single reviewer. The final articles list (N=3) was reviewed, and no articles were found to contradict the recommendations in the 2010 guideline. Recent research has largely focused on family compliance with restraint systems. Barriers to use, surveys, and engineering advances to improve ease of use, international perspectives, and compliance with restraint use are the major contributions to the field in the past 5 years.
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations
Levels of Recommendation
Level 1 : The recommendation is convincingly justifiable based on the available scientific information alone. This recommendation is usually based on Class I data, however, strong class II evidence may form the basis for a level 1 recommendation, especially if the issue does not lend itself to testing in a randomized format. Conversely, low quality or contradictory Class I data may not be able to support a level 1 recommendation.
Level 2 : The recommendation is reasonably justifiable by available scientific evidence and strongly supported by expert opinion. This recommendation is usually supported by Class II data or a preponderance of Class III evidence.
Level 3 : The recommendation is supported by available data but adequate scientific evidence is lacking. This recommendation is generally supported by Class III data. This type of recommendation is useful for educational purposes and in guiding future clinical research.
Cost Analysis
A formal cost analysis was not performed and published cost analyses were not reviewed.
Method of Guideline Validation
- Not stated
Description of Method of Guideline Validation
Not applicable
Evidence Supporting the Recommendations
Type of Evidence Supporting the Recommendations
The type of supporting evidence is identified and graded for each recommendation (see the “Major Recommendations” field).
Benefits/Harms of Implementing the Guideline Recommendations
Potential Benefits
Age-appropriate use of child passenger safety restraints and restraint systems are successful in the reduction of morbidity and mortality in motor vehicle crashes
Potential Harms
Not stated
Qualifying Statements
Qualifying Statements
- The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) is a multi-disciplinary professional society committed to improving the care of injured patients. The Ad hoc Committee for Practice Management Guideline Development of EAST develops and disseminates evidence-based information to increase the scientific knowledge needed to enhance patient and clinical decision-making, improve health care quality, and promote efficiency in the organization of public and private systems of health care delivery. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the opinions expressed and statements made in this publication reflect the authors’ personal observations and do not imply endorsement by nor official policy of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma.
- “Clinical practice guidelines are systematically developed statements to assist practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances.”* These guidelines are not fixed protocols that must be followed, but are intended for health care professionals and providers to consider. While they identify and describe generally recommended courses of intervention, they are not presented as a substitute for the advice of a physician or other knowledgeable health care professional or provider. Individual patients may require different treatments from those specified in a given guideline. Guidelines are not entirely inclusive or exclusive of all methods of reasonable care that can obtain/produce the same results. While guidelines can be written that take into account variations in clinical settings, resources, or common patient characteristics, they cannot address the unique needs of each patient nor the combination of resources available to a particular community or health care professional or provider. Deviations from clinical practice guidelines may be justified by individual circumstances. Thus, guidelines must be applied based on individual patient needs using professional judgment.
*Institute of Medicine. Clinical practice guidelines: directions for a new program. MJ Field and KN Lohr (eds) Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1990: pg 39.
Implementation of the Guideline
Description of Implementation Strategy
An implementation strategy was not provided.
Institute of Medicine (IOM) National Healthcare Quality Report Categories
IOM Care Need
- Staying Healthy
IOM Domain
- Effectiveness
Identifying Information and Availability
Bibliographic Source(s)
- Barraco RD, Cheng JD, Bromberg WJ, Falcone RA, Hammond JS, Lui FY, Sandhu RS, Scaff DW. Child passenger safety: an evidence based review. Chicago (IL): Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST); 2010. 32 p. [53 references]
Adaptation
Not applicable: The guideline was not adapted from another source.
Date Released
2010 (reaffirmed 2015 Oct)
Guideline Developer(s)
- Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma - Professional Association
Source(s) of Funding
Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST)
Guideline Committee
Child Passenger Safety Workgroup of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) Practice Management Guideline Committee
Composition of Group That Authored the Guideline
Committee Members : Robert D. Barraco MD, MPH (Chair) ; Julius D. Cheng, MD, MPH (Vice Chair) ; William J. Bromberg, MD; Richard A. Falcone, MD; Jeffrey S. Hammond, MD, MPH; Felix Y. Lui, MD; Rovinder S. Sandhu, MD; David W. Scaff, DO
Financial Disclosures/Conflicts of Interest
Not stated
Guideline Status
This is the current release of the guideline.
The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) reaffirmed the currency of the guideline in October 2015.
This guideline meets NGC’s 2013 (revised) inclusion criteria.
Guideline Availability
Electronic copies: Available from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) Web site.
Print copies: Available from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Guidelines, c/o Robert D. Barraco, MD, Lehigh Valley Health Network, Cedar Crest & I-78, P.O. Box 689, Allentown, PA 18105-1556; Phone: (610) 402-1296; fax (610) 402-1667; Email: sally.lutz@lvh.com.
Availability of Companion Documents
The following is available:
- Utilizing evidence based outcome measures to develop practice management guidelines: a primer. 2000. 18 p. Available in Portable Document Format (PDF) from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) Web site.
Patient Resources
None available
NGC Status
This NGC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on April 3, 2013. The information was verified by the guideline developer on May 1, 2013. The currency of the guideline was reaffirmed by the developer in October 2015 and the summary was updated by ECRI Institute on November 13, 2015.
Copyright Statement
This NGC summary is based on the original guideline, which is copyrighted by the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST).
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