Cervical insufficiency and cervical cerclage.
General
Guideline Title
Cervical insufficiency and cervical cerclage.
Bibliographic Source(s)
- Brown R, Gagnon R, Delisle MF, Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee, Gagnon R, Bujold E, Basso M, Bos H, Brown R, Cooper S, Crane J, Davies G, Gouin K, Menticoglou S, Mundle W, Pylypjuk C, Roggensack A, Sanderson F, Senikas V. Cervical insufficiency and cervical cerclage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013 Dec;35(12):1115-27. [156 references] PubMed
Guideline Status
This is the current release of the guideline.
Recommendations
Major Recommendations
The quality of evidence ( I-III ) and classification of recommendations ( A-E, L ) are defined at the end of the “Major Recommendations.”
Diagnosis of Cervical Insufficiency
- Women who are pregnant or planning pregnancy should be evaluated for risk factors for cervical insufficiency. A thorough medical history at initial evaluation may alert clinicians to risk factors in a first or index pregnancy. ( III-B )
- Detailed evaluation of risk factors should be undertaken in women following a mid-trimester pregnancy loss or early premature delivery, or in cases where such complications have occurred in a preceding pregnancy. ( III-B )
Management of Cervical Insufficiency
Prophylactic Transvaginal Cerclage
- In women with a history of cervical insufficiency, urinalysis for culture and sensitivity and vaginal cultures for bacterial vaginosis should be taken at the first obstetric visit and any infections so found should be treated. ( I-A )
- Women with a history of three or more second trimester pregnancy losses or extreme premature deliveries, in whom no specific cause other than potential cervical insufficiency is identified, should be offered elective cerclage at 12 to 14 weeks of gestation. ( I-A )
Prophylactic Transabdominal Cerclage
- In women with a classic history of cervical insufficiency in whom prior vaginal cerclage has been unsuccessful, abdominal cerclage can be considered in the absence of additional mitigating factors. ( II-3C )
- Women who have undergone trachelectomy should have abdominal cerclage placement. ( II-3C )
Emergency Cerclage
- Emergency cerclage may be considered in women in whom the cervix has dilated to <4 cm without contractions before 24 weeks of gestation. ( II-3C )
Conservative Observational Management
Note : See the original guideline document for the five steps of conservative management.
- Women in whom cerclage is not considered or justified, but whose history suggests a risk for cervical insufficiency (1 or 2 prior mid-trimester losses or extreme premature deliveries), should be offered serial cervical length assessment by ultrasound. ( II-2B )
Cerclage Based on Ultrasound Measurement of Cervical Length
- Cerclage should be considered in singleton pregnancies in women with a history of spontaneous preterm birth or possible cervical insufficiency if the cervical length is ≤25 mm before 24 weeks of gestation. ( I-A )
- There is no benefit to cerclage in a woman with an incidental finding of a short cervix by ultrasound examination but no prior risk factors for preterm birth. ( II-1D )
Multiple Gestations
- Present data do not support the use of elective cerclage in multiple gestations even when there is a history of preterm birth; therefore, this should be avoided. ( I-D )
- The literature does not support the insertion of cerclage in multiple gestations on the basis of cervical length. ( II-1D )
Definitions:
Quality of Evidence Assessment*
I : Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial
II-1 : Evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization
II-2 : Evidence from well-designed cohort (prospective or retrospective) or case-control studies, preferably from more than one centre or research group
II-3 : Evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of treatment with penicillin in the 1940s) could also be included in this category
III : Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees
*Adapted from the Evaluation of Evidence criteria described in the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
Classification of Recommendations†
A . There is good evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action
B . There is fair evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action
C . The existing evidence is conflicting and does not allow to make a recommendation for or against use of the clinical preventive action; however, other factors may influence decision-making
D . There is fair evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action
E . There is good evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action
L . There is insufficient evidence (in quantity or quality) to make a recommendation; however, other factors may influence decision-making
†Adapted from the Classification of Recommendations criteria described in the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
Clinical Algorithm(s)
An algorithm titled “Flow Diagram” is provided in the original guideline document.
Scope
Disease/Condition(s)
Cervical insufficiency
Guideline Category
- Evaluation
- Management
- Risk Assessment
- Screening
- Treatment
Clinical Specialty
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Surgery
Intended Users
- Physicians
Guideline Objective(s)
The purpose of this guideline is to provide a framework that clinicians can use to determine which women are at greatest risk of having cervical insufficiency and in which set of circumstances a cerclage is of potential value
Target Population
Women who are pregnant or planning pregnancy
Interventions and Practices Considered
- Medical history
- Risk assessment
- Urinalysis and vaginal culture
- Serial cervical length assessment by ultrasound
- Vaginal or abdominal cervical cerclage (as indicated)
Major Outcomes Considered
- Timing of surgical treatment
- Surgical effectiveness
- Maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality
Methodology
Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence
- Searches of Electronic Databases
- Searches of Unpublished Data
Description of Methods Used to Collect/Select the Evidence
Published literature was retrieved through searches of PubMed or MEDLINE, CINAHL, and The Cochrane Library in 2012 using appropriate controlled vocabulary (e.g., uterine cervical incompetence) and key words (e.g., cervical insufficiency, cerclage, Shirodkar, cerclage, MacDonald, cerclage, abdominal, cervical length, mid-trimester pregnancy loss). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no date or language restrictions. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to January 2011.
Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical specialty societies.
Number of Source Documents
Not stated
Methods Used to Assess the Quality and Strength of the Evidence
- Weighting According to a Rating Scheme (Scheme Given)
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence
Quality of Evidence Assessment*
I: Evidence obtained from at least one properly randomized controlled trial
II-1: Evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization
II-2: Evidence from well-designed cohort (prospective or retrospective) or case-control studies, preferably from more than one centre or research group
II-3: Evidence obtained from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention. Dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments (such as the results of treatment with penicillin in the 1940s) could also be included in this category
III: Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees
*Adapted from the Evaluation of Evidence criteria described in the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
Methods Used to Analyze the Evidence
- Review of Published Meta-Analyses
- Systematic Review
Description of the Methods Used to Analyze the Evidence
The quality of evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (see the “Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Evidence” field).
Methods Used to Formulate the Recommendations
- Expert Consensus
Description of Methods Used to Formulate the Recommendations
Not stated
Rating Scheme for the Strength of the Recommendations
Classification of Recommendations †
A. There is good evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action
B. There is fair evidence to recommend the clinical preventive action
C. The existing evidence is conflicting and does not allow to make a recommendation for or against use of the clinical preventive action; however, other factors may influence decision-making
D. There is fair evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action
E. There is good evidence to recommend against the clinical preventive action
L. There is insufficient evidence (in quantity or quality) to make a recommendation; however, other factors may influence decision-making
†Adapted from the Classification of Recommendations criteria described in the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.
Cost Analysis
A formal cost analysis was not performed and published cost analyses were not reviewed.
Method of Guideline Validation
- Internal Peer Review
Description of Method of Guideline Validation
This clinical practice guideline has been prepared by the Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee, reviewed by the Clinical Practice Obstetrics Committee, and approved by the Executive and Council of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
Evidence Supporting the Recommendations
Type of Evidence Supporting the Recommendations
The type of supporting evidence is identified and graded for each recommendation (see the “Major Recommendations” field).
Benefits/Harms of Implementing the Guideline Recommendations
Potential Benefits
Appropriate diagnosis and management of women at greatest risk of having cervical insufficiency and the appropriate use of cervical cerclage
Potential Harms
Complications
- Three randomized clinical trials have shown that cerclage is associated with increased medical interventions and doubles the risk of puerperal pyrexia. The use of tocolytics increases with cerclage, as does the rate of hospital admissions, and one study found a higher rate of Caesarean sections. However, the risk and nature of complications is influenced by whether the cerclage is inserted electively or as an emergency with membranes bulging through the cervix. The complications reported with cerclage include sepsis, premature rupture of membranes, premature labour, cervical dystocia, cervical laceration at delivery (11% to 14%), and hemorrhage.
- However, meta-analysis of a number of studies has not confirmed higher rates of chorioamnionitis or preterm pre-labour membrane rupture in women managed with cerclage than in those managed by other means. Although cervical dystocia is frequently cited as a complication of cerclage due to cervical scarring, data do not support its being truly attributable to cerclage; the increased risk of cervical laceration, however, although it appears to be unrelated to the timing of the removal of the cerclage, can be attributed to the cerclage.
Qualifying Statements
Qualifying Statements
This document reflects emerging clinical and scientific advances on the date issued and is subject to change. The information should not be construed as dictating an exclusive course of treatment or procedure to be followed. Local institutions can dictate amendments to these opinions. They should be well documented if modified at the local level. None of these contents may be reproduced in any form without prior written permission of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC).
Implementation of the Guideline
Description of Implementation Strategy
An implementation strategy was not provided.
Implementation Tools
- Clinical Algorithm
- Foreign Language Translations
Institute of Medicine (IOM) National Healthcare Quality Report Categories
IOM Care Need
- Staying Healthy
IOM Domain
- Effectiveness
Identifying Information and Availability
Bibliographic Source(s)
- Brown R, Gagnon R, Delisle MF, Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee, Gagnon R, Bujold E, Basso M, Bos H, Brown R, Cooper S, Crane J, Davies G, Gouin K, Menticoglou S, Mundle W, Pylypjuk C, Roggensack A, Sanderson F, Senikas V. Cervical insufficiency and cervical cerclage. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013 Dec;35(12):1115-27. [156 references] PubMed
Adaptation
Not applicable. The guideline was not adapted from another source.
Date Released
2013 Dec
Guideline Developer(s)
- Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada - Medical Specialty Society
Source(s) of Funding
Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
Guideline Committee
Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee
Composition of Group That Authored the Guideline
Principal Authors : Richard Brown, MD, Montreal QC; Robert Gagnon, MD, Montreal QC; Marie-France Delisle, MD, Vancouver BC
Maternal Fetal Medicine Committee : Robert Gagnon, MD ( Chair ), Montreal QC; Emmanuel Bujold, MD ( Co-Chair ), Quebec QC; Melanie Basso, RN, Vancouver BC; Hayley Bos, MD, London ON; Richard Brown, MD, Montreal QC; Stephanie Cooper, MD, Calgary AB; Joan Crane, MD, St John’s NL; Gregory Davies, MD, Kingston ON; Katy Gouin, MD, Quebec QC; Savas Menticoglou, MD, Winnipeg MB; William Mundle, MD, Windsor ON; Christy Pylypjuk, MD, Saskatoon SK; Anne Roggensack, MD, Calgary AB; Frank Sanderson, MD, Saint John NB; Vyta Senikas, MD, Ottawa ON
Financial Disclosures/Conflicts of Interest
Disclosure statements have been received from all members of the committee.
Guideline Status
This is the current release of the guideline.
Guideline Availability
Electronic copies: Available from the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) Web site. Also available in French from the SOGC Web site.
Print copies: Available from the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, La société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada (SOGC) 780 promenade Echo Drive Ottawa, ON K1S 5R7 (Canada); Phone: 1-800-561-2416.
Availability of Companion Documents
None available
Patient Resources
None available
NGC Status
This NGC summary was completed by ECRI Institute on April 1, 2014. The information was verified by the guideline developer on April 28, 2014.
Copyright Statement
This NGC summary is based on the original guideline, which is subject to the guideline developer’s copyright restrictions.
Disclaimer
NGC Disclaimer
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ (NGC) does not develop, produce, approve, or endorse the guidelines represented on this site.
All guidelines summarized by NGC and hosted on our site are produced under the auspices of medical specialty societies, relevant professional associations, public or private organizations, other government agencies, health care organizations or plans, and similar entities.
Guidelines represented on the NGC Web site are submitted by guideline developers, and are screened solely to determine that they meet the NGC Inclusion Criteria.
NGC, AHRQ, and its contractor ECRI Institute make no warranties concerning the content or clinical efficacy or effectiveness of the clinical practice guidelines and related materials represented on this site. Moreover, the views and opinions of developers or authors of guidelines represented on this site do not necessarily state or reflect those of NGC, AHRQ, or its contractor ECRI Institute, and inclusion or hosting of guidelines in NGC may not be used for advertising or commercial endorsement purposes.
Readers with questions regarding guideline content are directed to contact the guideline developer.